Category Archives: Trade

Building a Better Trade Model

Building a Better Trade Model to Determine Local Effects: A Regional and Intertemporal GTAP Model, Economic Modelling, 2017, 102-113.

Intertemporal CGE models allow agents to respond fully to current and future policy shocks. This property is particularly important for trade policies, where tariff reductions span over decades. Nevertheless, intertemporal CGE models are dimensionally large and computationally difficult to solve, thus hindering their development, save for those that are scaled-down to only a few regions and commodities. Using a recently developed solution method, we address this problem by building an intertemporal version of a GTAP model that is large in dimension and can be easily scaled to focus to any subset of GTAP countries or regions, without the need for ‘second best’ recursive approaches. Specifically, we solve using a new parallel-processing technique and matrix reordering procedure, and employ a non-steady state baseline scenario. This provides an effective tool for the dynamic analysis of trade policies. As an application of the model, we simulate a free trade scenario for Vietnam with a focus on the recent Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). Our simulation shows that Vietnam gains considerably from the TPP, with 60 per cent of the gains realized within the first 10 years despite our assumption of a gradual and linear removal of trade barriers. We also solve for intertemporal and sector-specific effects on each industry in Vietnam from the trade agreements, showing an added advantage of our approach compared to standard static and recursive GTAP models.

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Solving Large Dimensional CGE Models

‘Solving intertemporal CGE models in parallel using a singly bordered block diagonal ordering technique’, Economic Modelling, 2016, 52, 3-12.

The work introduces a direct ordering method that employs a special feature of an intertemporal Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to reorder its first-order partial derivative matrix into a Singly Bordered Block Diagonal (SBBD) form. The matrix can then be decomposed into LU form and solved in parallel. With this method, the numerical results  show a substantial advantage in computational time and memory use for parallel solutions of intertemporal CGE models in comparison to current serial solution methods. A solution for an intertemporal and regional model of the Vietnamese economy is provided as an example and a comparison across different methods.

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Optimal Model Projections for LNG Imports and Exports in the Asia-Pacific Region

‘A Structural and Stochastic Optimal Model for Projections of LNG Imports and Exports in Asia-Pacific’, Heliyon, 2, e00108.

The Asia-Pacific region, the largest and fastest growing liquefied natural gas (LNG) market in the world, has been undergoing radical changes over the past few years. These changes include considerable additional supplies from North America and Australia, and a recent LNG price slump resulting from an oil-linked pricing mechanism and demand uncertainties. This paper develops an Asia-Pacific Gas Model (APGM), based on a structural, stochastic and optimising framework, providing a valuable tool for the projection of LNG trade in the Asia-Pacific region. With existing social-economic conditions, the model projects that Asia-Pacific LNG imports are expected to increase by 49.1 percent in 2020 and 95.7 percent in 2030, compared to 2013. Total LNG trade value is estimated to increase to US$127.2 billion in 2020 and US$199.0 billion in 2030. Future LNG trade expansion is mainly driven by emerging and large importers (i.e., China and India), and serviced, most importantly, by new supplies from Australia and the USA. The model’s projected results are sensitive to changes in expected oil prices, pricing mechanisms, economic growth and energy policies, as well as unexpected geopolitical-economic events.

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